DOSEN ALI MUHLI, SE., MM TUGAS EKONOMI INTERNASIONAL (RANGKUMAN BAB 4)

                    “DASAR TUKAR INTERNASIONAL (TERMS OF TRADE)”

  

Disusun oleh :

Dinda Zahra Vianny      (NPM: 11217755)

Dosen : Ali Muhli, SE., MM

Kelas : 4EA30

FAKULTAS EKONOMI

JURUSAN MANAJEMEN

UNIVERSITAS GUNADARMA

2020/2021

Dasar Pertukaran Internasional

Dasar pertukaran internasional mengungkapkan bagaimana pola perdagangan internasional dengan memperhitungkan penggunaan faktor produksi sebagai tolak ukur.

Mengikuti teori perdagangan internasioanal yang diajukan oleh  Eli Heckscher dan Bertil Ohlin bahwa advantage berdasarkan alternative capital intensive (padat modal) atau labor intensive (padat karya); mengungkapkan bahwa dasar advantage memperhitungkan labor cost maupun capital cost. Biaya lebih efisien sekaligus harga harga lebih rendah dinyatakan advantage sebagai kombinasi kedua input dimaksud sehingga terms of tradebisa dinyatakan sebagai rasio antara harga barang ekspor dan impor.

 

Kurs dan Penyesuaian (Exchange Rate and Adjustment)

Perdagangan internasional yang dilakukan oleh suatu Negara dalam perkembangan dihadapkan oleh fluktuasi kurs yang tidak dapat dihindari. Kondisi ini memerlukan penyesuaian kurs yang menggunakan system yang saling terkait, flexible / floating exchange rate system, fixed exchange rate dan exchange control.

 

Floating / Flexible Exchange Rate system

System ini disebut juga sebagai system kurs mengambang, bahwa perubahan nilai/kurs terjadi disebabkan oleh kekuatan permintaan di satu sisi dankekuatan penawaran disisi lain, berarti semata-mata kurs ditentukan oleh kedua pelaku pasar sehingga sistim ini disebut juga sebagai kurs pasar atau bebas.

 

Fixed Exchange Rate System

Suatu system sebagai upaya mempertahankan kurs valuta asing yang tetap pada tingkat tertentu, dan mengharapkan elemen-elemen intern lainnya dalam system tersebut dapat menjamin perekonomian berada dalam keseimbangan internasional.

 

Exchange Control System

Suatu kebijakan yang dilakukan oleh bank sentral untuk melakukan diskriminasi terhadap valuta asing dan barang dalam rangka pengawasan devisa. Dalam sistim ini pemerintah praktis memonopoli keseluruhann transaksi berkaitan dengan valuta asing yang bertujuan untuk mencegah adanay aliran masuk modal keluar dan melindungi pengaruh depresi darinegara lain untuk mengatasi keterbatasan cadangan devisa.

 

Proteksi, Tarif, dan Kuota

Proteksi disebut juga perlindungan yang dilakukan pemerintah pada industry domestic dan sekaligus membesarkannya yang berlaku diperdagangan umum. Kebijakan proteksi memiliki dua alasan dasar, yaitu baerupa alasan infrant industry dan alasan strategi. Alasan infrant industry berupa upaya melindungi produksi industry dalam negeri untuk tumbuh dan berkembang. Sedangkan alasan , berupa tindak lanjut memproduksi dan sekaligus konsumsi sendiri dalam kondisi perang.

 

Tarif Effect

1.    Consumption effect dapat dinyatakan sebagai pengaruh tarif yang dirasakan oleh konsumen berupa kerugian sebagai akibat dari kenaikan harga barang.

2.    Income effect dapat diartkan sebagai pendapatan yang diterima Negara atas kebijakan proteksi berupa pengenaan tariff impor

3.     Production effect berupa manfaat yang dinikmati oleh produsen dlam negeri berupa kenaikan harga barang

4.    Redistribution effect merupakan subsidi yang diperoleh oleh produsen dalam negeri dri pemerintah dalam negeri dari pemrintah sebagai kebijakan proteksidari instrument tariff impor

 

Alasan Merosotnya Dasar Tukar Internasional (DTI)

 

Menurut Singer dan Prebisch (1950) DTI bergerak kearah yang merugikan bagi negara-negara berkembang. Beberapa alasan merosotnya DTI di negara berkembang adalah sebagai berikut:

 

1.          Elastisitas Pendapatan

2.         Substitusi

3.         Pengaruh dari Ekonimi (Business- Cycle)

4.         Struktur Pasar

 

Konsep Terms Of Trade  / Dasar Tukar  :

 

·                     Net Barter Terms of Trade

·                     Gross Barter Terms of Trade

·                     Income Terms of Trade

·                     Factorial Terms of Trade

   

Beberapa Bentuk Kerjasama Ekonomi Internasional

 

1.            Organisasi & Kerjasama Multilateral.

2.            Kerjasama Bilateral.

3.            Kerjasama Sektoral.

(*)   Organisasi & Kerjasama  Multilateral :

       Internasional & Regional.

•         GATT – WTO, UNCTAD , WCO/CCC

•         AFTA , APEC,NAFTA, LAFTA, EEC

(**)  Kerjasama Bilateral adalah kerjasama perdagangan antara dua negara.

(***) Kerjasama Sektoral adalah yg menyangkut sektor/bidang tertentu.

 

Organisasi & Kerjasama  Multilateral :
Internasional

•  GATT (General Agreement On Tariff And Trade)  

•   United Nation Conference On Trade And Development (UNCTAD) 

•  World Customs Organization (WCO) 

 

Organisasi & Kerjasama  Multilateral :
Regional

Organisasi & Kerjasama Multilateral Regional adalah organisasi /kerjasama ekonomi perdagangan yang anggotanya terdiri dari bbrp negara di kawasan/wilayah tertentu. Contoh adalah   AFTA, APEC, NAFTA, LAFTA, EEC.

 

•         Tiga tipe International Commodity Agreement :

1.            Buffer Stocks 

2.            Export Controls

3.            Purchase Contracts

 

Perjanjian Perdagangan Internasional

Perjanjian perdagangan internasional muncul disebabkan oleh kebijakan perdagangan yang diterapkan suatu negara diikuti kebijakan Negara lain demi kepentingan dalam negeri masing-masing Negara, sehingga kondisi ini mengakibatkan perselisihan dan pertentangan yang tidak hanya membahayakan perekonomian domestic tetapi lebih jauh perekonomian global. Perjanjian yang terjadi, apakah perjanjian unilateral, bilateral, regional,dan multilateral mengikat masing-masing Negara untuk mematuhi kesepakatan perjanjian. Berbagai bentuk perjanjian ini kemudian membentuk new theory perdagangan internasional yang bermakna bagaimana perjanjian kerjasama perdagangan internasioanal memberikan manfaat bagi suatu Negara.

sumber: https://www.academia.edu/32770452/EKONOMI_INTERNASIONAL_DASAR_TUKAR_TERM_OF_TRADE 

Makalah Present Continous Tense

PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE

LECTURER : MERISKA YOSIANA, SS.,M, HUM

GROUP NAME:

1.    ADITYA ALMAN WIDYATMAKA (10217159)

2.    DINDA ZAHRA VIANNY (11217755)

3.    FARIS DAFFA WIBOWO (12217210)

4.    IRA PUSPITA SARI (12217958)

5.    UMMUL AZIZAH (16217037)

MANAJEMEN MAJOR

EKONOMI FACULTY

GUNADARMA UNIVERSITY

2017/2018

FOREWORD

All praise and thanksgiving for the presence of Allah SWT to this day still gives the breath of life and the gift of reason, so that I can finish making this paper with the title "Present Continuous Tense" just in time. Thank you also to all parties who have helped to be able to compile this paper.

This simple paper is made to fulfill one of the English course tasks. This paper discusses the present continuous definition, its function, the present continuous formula, and the use of tobe in the present continuous tense. Finally I thank you for your attention to this paper, and the author hopes that this paper will be useful for myself and especially readers in general.

Finally, no human being escaped error and deficiency. With all the humility, constructive suggestions and critiques I expect from readers to improve the quality of this paper and other papers in the future.

                                                            Tangerang, March 20, 2018

                                                                               Authors

TABLE OF CONTENTS

FOREWORD......................................................................................... ii

TABLE OF CONTENS........................................................................ iii

CHAPTER I PRELIMINARY............................................................... 1

a.     Background.................................................................................. 1

b.     Problem identification.................................................................. 1

c.      Purpose........................................................................................ 1

CHAPTER II DISCUSSION................................................................. 2

a.     Sense of present continuous tense................................................ 2

b.     Present continuous tense function................................................ 3

c.      Present continuous form.............................................................. 4

d.     How to establish present participle.............................................. 7

e.      Verbs that can not be used innthe present continuous form........ 7

BAB III CLOSING PROBLEMS........................................................... 9

a.     Conclusion................................................................................... 9

b.     Suggestions.................................................................................. 9

BIBLIOGRAPHY

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. Background

English is the international language. By mastering English well, then we will be able to communicate with other nations in this world. In addition, we will also be able to increase our insight and knowledge for the better of our nation and country, for we will be able to read English literature, listen to foreign radio broadcasts, and help other science films. Thus, ultimately we can master the knowledge in all fields.

B. Problem Identification

In this paper we conclude some of which we will discuss, namely:

1. What is  Present Continuous Tense?

2. How to use Present Continuous Tense, what is the formula, division and example?

C. Purpose

From the identification of the problem, above the writers of course aim to explain or explain the points, in accordance with the knowledge we get, both from the source book and from our teachers. Hopefully it will benefit us. If any errors or words are written in this paper, please apologize profusely.

CHAPTER II
DISCUSSION

A.   SENSE OF PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE

Present continuous tense or present progressive tense is a verb form used to express current action (present) or future plan (future). There is no division of tobe and verb, because it is tobe in continuous tense for auxiliary verb.

The time statement used in the present progressive tense is :

Now                : sekarang

Right Now      : sekarang ini, sekarang  juga

At Present       : pada waktu ini, sekarang ini

To day             : Hari ini

This week       : Minggu ini

This morning  : pagi ini

Soon                : segera

At present       : pada saat ini

Right now       : saat ini

This afternoon: sore ini

In a few days   : dalam beberapa hari

                    

The main point in the present continuous tense

1.                  Auxiliary (Kata Bantu)

The auxilliaries used in the Present Continuous Tense formation are: be-present, whose members consist of 3 types of beams: Am, Is and Are. Each of these be-present members is used by subject.
Forexample:
• If the subject is: I, then use be-present AM.
• If the subject is: You, We or They or its equivalent, then use be-present ARE, and
• If the subject is: He, She or It or its equivalent, then use be-present IS.

This provision is absolute as a form of rules or rules of Grammar English (English Grammar).
Since the auxiliary be-present is used as a "tool" to assist in the formation of the tense Present Continuous Tense, the auxiliary be-present may be referred to as auxiliary verb. In this case, the verb is: Verb-Ing.

2. Verb (Kata Kerja)

The verb (verb) used in the Present Continuous Tense formation is the Verb Present Participle, also called Verb-Ing or Ing Form Verb, the basic verb (Bare-infinitive/ Infinitive) which added suffixes (Suffix) in the form:-Ing.

Example :
Go + ing > going
Send + ing > sending
Walk + ing > walking
Speak + ing > speaking, dsb.

B.   PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE FUNCTION

Function	Sample Sentence Present Continuous Tense
Present continuous tense to discuss an action that is happening now.	She is brushing the bathroom floor. (Dia sedang menyikat lantai kamar mandi.)
	I’m driving a car to Bandung now. (Saya sedang mengendarai mobil ke Bandung sekarang.)
	He’s learning English in order to be a great guide. (Dia sedang mempelajari bahasa Inggris agar menjadi pemandu wisata yang hebat.)
Present continuous tense to discuss a plan or move to a place	I’m spending my holiday on Kuta beach next month. (Saya sedang menghabiskan liburan di pantai Kuta akhir bulan depan.)
	You can’t call me this night. I’m going to my best friend’s wedding. (Kamu tidak dapat menghubungi saya malam ini. Saya akan pergi ke pernikahan sahabat saya.)
	The buses are arriving in an hour. (Bus-bus tersebut tiba dalam satu jam.)
	I’m moving to West Jakarta this month. (Saya pindah ke Jakarta Barat bulan ini.)
Present continuous tense to express annoyance for repeated actions.	Why is the wild dog always barking at me? (Mengapa anjing liar itu selalu menggonggong pada saya?)
	I’m getting sick of you always asking the same questions. (Saya mulai muak dengan kamu yang selalu menanyakan pertanyaan-pertanyaan yang sama.)

C. PRESENT CONTINUOUS  FORM

1.     Pembentukan Present Progressive Tense

1. Bentuk Positif/Berita

Rumusnya:

Subject + is/am/are + V-ing + Object + adverb

Contoh:

-        you are watching football now

-        They are driving to scholl today

2.     Bentuk Negatif atau Menyangkal

Rumusnya:

Subject + is/am/are + not + V-ing + Object + adverb

Contoh:

-        you are not watching football now

-        They are not driving to scholl today

3. Bentuk Pertanyaan

a) Pertanyaan Yes/No

Rumusnya:

Is/am/are + Subject  + not + V-ing + Object + Adverb?

Contohnya:

-        Are you watching football now?

-         Are they not driving to school today

b) Pertanyaan Wh-

Untuk membentuk pertanyaan wh, tambahkan kata wh (what, where, when, dll), ubah posisi subjek dan to be, dan tambahkan tanda tanya. Contoh:

-        What are they watching?

-        When are they watching football?

-        Why are they not driving to school today?

·         Verbal 
(+)  S + To be ( is/am/are)+ Ving
(-)   S + To be ( is/am/are)+ Not+ Ving
(?)   To be  ( is/am/are) + S + Ving

Example of a Verbal Sentence
(+) I am playing volley ball
(+) I am looking for my eraser
(+) He is still traveling to Timor Leste for business.
(+) He is speaking English
(+) He is driving a car
(+) He is riding on horse
(+) They are waiting you now
(+)  I am listening to the music
(+) They are reading their lessons
(-) He is not speaking English
(-) They are not reading their lessons.
(-) He is not sleeping in his room
(-) They are not waiting you now
(-) I am not writing now
(-) He is not riding on a horse
(-) She is not reading now
(?) Is she waiting for you?
(?) Are you still working?
(?) Are you writing now?
(?) Are you reading now?
(?) Am I playing cricket?
(?) Are they playing football?

·         Nominal
(+) S + to be (is/am/are) + ANA
(-)  S + To be (is/am/are) + not + ANA
(?) To be (is/am/are) + S + ANA

Example of a nominal sentence
(+) Mr. Perdianto is busy now
(+) You are beautiful
(+) She is sad
(+) You are handsome
(+) You are very diligent
(+) She is smart
(+) He is a doctor
(-) She is not smart
(-) I am not a teacher
(-) He is not a doctor
(?) Is he handsome?
(?) Is she a doctor?
(?) Are they happily?

Note:
-  ANA = Adjective, Noun, Adverb
-  Verbal = There is a verb
 - Nominal = No There are no verbs

D.   HOW TO ESTABLISH PRESENT PARTICIPLE

1.      If the infinitive ends in the vowel -e preceded by the consonant, -e must be omitted, then augmented-ing.
Ex: smile → smiling

2.      If the infinitive ends in the vowel -e preceded by the vowel i, first -ie is replaced by y, then plus-ing.
Ex: die → dying

3.      If the basic, one-syllable verb form of the verb ends with a dead letter vocalized by a vowel, the last consonant is then duplicated and augmented –ing.

    Ex: stop → stopping

4.      If the basic form of a syllable verb is two or more, the pressure falls on the last syllable and ends with a dead letter which is prompted by a vowel, the last consonant being duplicated and then augmented -ing.

Ex: admit → admitting

      Note:
If the infinitive ends in vocal -e preceded by vocal -e as well, just add -ing.
Ex: flee – fleeing.

5.     VERBS THAT CAN NOT BE USED IN THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS FORM

1.      Verbs about feelings, such as; hear, feel, notice, see, smell.
Example : I feel heavy in the head.

2.      Verbs that express emotion, such as; appreciate, care, desire, fear, hate, like, dislike, love, mind, want.

Example : I like Mr. Brown.

3.       Verbs about mind like; agree, belive, expect, forget, remember, know, mean, understand.
Example : I forget what she said.

4.      Verbs that show belongings or possessions such as; belong, owe, posses, own.
Example : He owns two cars.

5.      Verbal auxiliary except for be and have in special use except for feel words can be used for simple present tense or in continuous tense form if followed by adjective showing emotion or state of soul of subject, as : angry/pleased, cold/hot, happy/sad, ill/well, confident/nervous.

Example : - I feel good now atau I am feeling good now.

 Brain game.

CHAPTER III

CLOSING PROBLEMS

1.     Conclusion

Present Progressive Tense or also called present continuous tense is a form of time used to declare an action, state or event that is happening at the time of discussion.
The formula:

Subject + is/am/are + V-ing + Object + adverb.

Example :

We are studying English now.

The time statement in the present progressive tense is usually an imperative, because the context of time in the command line is current or at the time of speaking.

2.     Suggestions
By understanding the explanation of present progressive tense, it is expected to use it in making sentences correctly.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

https://www.inggris.carayang.net/pembahasan-present-continuous-tense-contoh-lengkap/

https://www.wordsmile.com/pengertian-rumus-contoh-kalimat-present-continuous-tense

http://www.pelggrammar.com/2015/09/present-continuous-tense-progressive_28.html

http://misslyways.blogspot.co.id/2013/12/bab-i-pendahuluan-1.html